Module Stdlib

The OCaml Standard library.

This module is automatically opened at the beginning of each compilation. All components of this module can therefore be referred by their short name, without prefixing them by Stdlib.

In particular, it provides the basic operations over the built-in types (numbers, booleans, byte sequences, strings, exceptions, references, lists, arrays, input-output channels, ...) and the standard library modules.

Exceptions

val raise : exn -> 'a

let raise: exn => 'a;

Raise the given exception value

val raise_notrace : exn -> 'a

let raise_notrace: exn => 'a;

A faster version raise which does not record the backtrace.

since 4.02

val invalid_arg : string -> 'a

let invalid_arg: string => 'a;

Raise exception Invalid_argument with the given string.

val failwith : string -> 'a

let failwith: string => 'a;

Raise exception Failure with the given string.

exception Exit

exception Exit;

The Exit exception is not raised by any library function. It is provided for use in your programs.

exception Match_failure of string * int * int

exception Match_failure((string, int, int));

Exception raised when none of the cases of a pattern-matching apply. The arguments are the location of the match keyword in the source code (file name, line number, column number).

exception Assert_failure of string * int * int

exception Assert_failure((string, int, int));

Exception raised when an assertion fails. The arguments are the location of the assert keyword in the source code (file name, line number, column number).

exception Invalid_argument of string

exception Invalid_argument(string);

Exception raised by library functions to signal that the given arguments do not make sense. The string gives some information to the programmer. As a general rule, this exception should not be caught, it denotes a programming error and the code should be modified not to trigger it.

exception Failure of string

exception Failure(string);

Exception raised by library functions to signal that they are undefined on the given arguments. The string is meant to give some information to the programmer; you must not pattern match on the string literal because it may change in future versions (use Failure _ instead).

exception Not_found

exception Not_found;

Exception raised by search functions when the desired object could not be found.

exception Out_of_memory

exception Out_of_memory;

Exception raised by the garbage collector when there is insufficient memory to complete the computation. (Not reliable for allocations on the minor heap.)

exception Stack_overflow

exception Stack_overflow;

Exception raised by the bytecode interpreter when the evaluation stack reaches its maximal size. This often indicates infinite or excessively deep recursion in the user's program.

Before 4.10, it was not fully implemented by the native-code compiler.

exception Sys_error of string

exception Sys_error(string);

Exception raised by the input/output functions to report an operating system error. The string is meant to give some information to the programmer; you must not pattern match on the string literal because it may change in future versions (use Sys_error _ instead).

exception End_of_file

exception End_of_file;

Exception raised by input functions to signal that the end of file has been reached.

exception Division_by_zero

exception Division_by_zero;

Exception raised by integer division and remainder operations when their second argument is zero.

exception Sys_blocked_io

exception Sys_blocked_io;

A special case of Sys_error raised when no I/O is possible on a non-blocking I/O channel.

exception Undefined_recursive_module of string * int * int

exception Undefined_recursive_module((string, int, int));

Exception raised when an ill-founded recursive module definition is evaluated. The arguments are the location of the definition in the source code (file name, line number, column number).

Comparisons

val (=) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (=): 'a => 'a => bool;

Alias of Repr.equal Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (<>) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (<>): 'a => 'a => bool;

Negation of Repr.equal. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (<) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (<): 'a => 'a => bool;

See Stdlib.(>=). Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (>) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (>): 'a => 'a => bool;

See Stdlib.(>=). Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (<=) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (<=): 'a => 'a => bool;

See Stdlib.(>=). Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (>=) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (>=): 'a => 'a => bool;

Structural ordering functions. These functions coincide with the usual orderings over integers, characters, strings, byte sequences and floating-point numbers, and extend them to a total ordering over all types. The ordering is compatible with Repr.equal. As in the case of Repr.equal, mutable structures are compared by contents. Comparison between functional values raises Invalid_argument. Comparison between cyclic structures may not terminate. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val compare : 'a -> 'a -> int

let compare: 'a => 'a => int;

Alias of Repr.compare.

val min : 'a -> 'a -> 'a

let min: 'a => 'a => 'a;

val max : 'a -> 'a -> 'a

let max: 'a => 'a => 'a;

val (==) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (==): 'a => 'a => bool;

Alias of Repr.phys_equal. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (!=) : 'a -> 'a -> bool

let (!=): 'a => 'a => bool;

Negation of Repr.phys_equal. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

Boolean operations

val not : bool -> bool

let not: bool => bool;

The boolean negation.

val (&&) : bool -> bool -> bool

let (&&): bool => bool => bool;

The boolean 'and'. Evaluation is sequential, left-to-right: in e1 && e2, e1 is evaluated first, and if it returns false, e2 is not evaluated at all. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (||) : bool -> bool -> bool

let (||): bool => bool => bool;

The boolean 'or'. Evaluation is sequential, left-to-right: in e1 || e2, e1 is evaluated first, and if it returns true, e2 is not evaluated at all. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

Debugging

val __LOC__ : string

let __LOC__: string;

__LOC__ returns the location at which this expression appears in the file currently being parsed by the compiler, with the standard error format of OCaml: "File %S, line %d, characters %d-%d".

since 4.02

val __FILE__ : string

let __FILE__: string;

__FILE__ returns the name of the file currently being parsed by the compiler.

since 4.02

val __LINE__ : int

let __LINE__: int;

__LINE__ returns the line number at which this expression appears in the file currently being parsed by the compiler.

since 4.02

val __MODULE__ : string

let __MODULE__: string;

__MODULE__ returns the module name of the file being parsed by the compiler.

since 4.02

val __POS__ : string * int * int * int

let __POS__: (string, int, int, int);

__POS__ returns a tuple (file,lnum,cnum,enum), corresponding to the location at which this expression appears in the file currently being parsed by the compiler. file is the current filename, lnum the line number, cnum the character position in the line and enum the last character position in the line.

since 4.02

val __FUNCTION__ : string

let __FUNCTION__: string;

__FUNCTION__ returns the name of the current function or method, including any enclosing modules or classes.

since 4.12

val __LOC_OF__ : 'a -> string * 'a

let __LOC_OF__: 'a => (string, 'a);

__LOC_OF__ expr returns a pair (loc, expr) where loc is the location of expr in the file currently being parsed by the compiler, with the standard error format of OCaml: "File %S, line %d, characters %d-%d".

since 4.02

val __LINE_OF__ : 'a -> int * 'a

let __LINE_OF__: 'a => (int, 'a);

__LINE_OF__ expr returns a pair (line, expr), where line is the line number at which the expression expr appears in the file currently being parsed by the compiler.

since 4.02

val __POS_OF__ : 'a -> (string * int * int * int) * 'a

let __POS_OF__: 'a => ((string, int, int, int), 'a);

__POS_OF__ expr returns a pair (loc,expr), where loc is a tuple (file,lnum,cnum,enum) corresponding to the location at which the expression expr appears in the file currently being parsed by the compiler. file is the current filename, lnum the line number, cnum the character position in the line and enum the last character position in the line.

since 4.02

Composition operators

val (|>) : 'a -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'b

let (|>): 'a => ('a => 'b) => 'b;

Reverse-application operator: x |> f |> g is exactly equivalent to g (f (x)). Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

since 4.01

val (@@) : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b

let (@@): ('a => 'b) => 'a => 'b;

Application operator: g @@ f @@ x is exactly equivalent to g (f (x)). Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

since 4.01

Integer arithmetic

Integers are Sys.int_size bits wide. All operations are taken modulo 2Sys.int_size. They do not fail on overflow.

val (~-) : int -> int

let (~-): int => int;

Unary negation. You can also write - e instead of ~- e. Unary operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (~+) : int -> int

let (~+): int => int;

Unary addition. You can also write + e instead of ~+ e. Unary operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

since 3.12

val succ : int -> int

let succ: int => int;

succ x is x + 1.

val pred : int -> int

let pred: int => int;

pred x is x - 1.

val (+) : int -> int -> int

let (+): int => int => int;

Integer addition. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (-) : int -> int -> int

let (-): int => int => int;

Integer subtraction. Left-associative operator, , see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (*) : int -> int -> int

let (*): int => int => int;

Integer multiplication. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (/) : int -> int -> int

let (/): int => int => int;

Integer division. Integer division rounds the real quotient of its arguments towards zero. More precisely, if x >= 0 and y > 0, x / y is the greatest integer less than or equal to the real quotient of x by y. Moreover, (- x) / y = x / (- y) = - (x / y). Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

raises Division_by_zero if the second argument is 0.

val (mod) : int -> int -> int

let (mod): int => int => int;

Integer remainder. If y is not zero, the result of x mod y satisfies the following properties: x = (x / y) * y + x mod y and abs(x mod y) <= abs(y) - 1. If y = 0, x mod y raises Division_by_zero. Note that x mod y is negative only if x < 0. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

raises Division_by_zero if y is zero.

val abs : int -> int

let abs: int => int;

abs x is the absolute value of x. On min_int this is min_int itself and thus remains negative.

val max_int : int

let max_int: int;

The greatest representable integer.

val min_int : int

let min_int: int;

The smallest representable integer.

Bitwise operations

val (land) : int -> int -> int

let (land): int => int => int;

Bitwise logical and. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (lor) : int -> int -> int

let (lor): int => int => int;

Bitwise logical or. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (lxor) : int -> int -> int

let (lxor): int => int => int;

Bitwise logical exclusive or. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val lnot : int -> int

let lnot: int => int;

Bitwise logical negation.

val (lsl) : int -> int -> int

let (lsl): int => int => int;

n lsl m shifts n to the left by m bits. The result is unspecified if m < 0 or m > Sys.int_size. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (lsr) : int -> int -> int

let (lsr): int => int => int;

n lsr m shifts n to the right by m bits. This is a logical shift: zeroes are inserted regardless of the sign of n. The result is unspecified if m < 0 or m > Sys.int_size. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (asr) : int -> int -> int

let (asr): int => int => int;

n asr m shifts n to the right by m bits. This is an arithmetic shift: the sign bit of n is replicated. The result is unspecified if m < 0 or m > Sys.int_size. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

Floating-point arithmetic

OCaml's floating-point numbers follow the IEEE 754 standard, using double precision (64 bits) numbers. Floating-point operations never raise an exception on overflow, underflow, division by zero, etc. Instead, special IEEE numbers are returned as appropriate, such as infinity for 1.0 /. 0.0, neg_infinity for -1.0 /. 0.0, and nan ('not a number') for 0.0 /. 0.0. These special numbers then propagate through floating-point computations as expected: for instance, 1.0 /. infinity is 0.0, basic arithmetic operations (+., -., *., /.) with nan as an argument return nan, ...

val (~-.) : float -> float

let (~-.): float => float;

Unary negation. You can also write -. e instead of ~-. e. Unary operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (~+.) : float -> float

let (~+.): float => float;

Unary addition. You can also write +. e instead of ~+. e. Unary operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

since 3.12

val (+.) : float -> float -> float

let (+.): float => float => float;

Floating-point addition. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (-.) : float -> float -> float

let (-.): float => float => float;

Floating-point subtraction. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (*.) : float -> float -> float

let (*.): float => float => float;

Floating-point multiplication. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (/.) : float -> float -> float

let (/.): float => float => float;

Floating-point division. Left-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (**) : float -> float -> float

let (**): float => float => float;

Exponentiation.

val sqrt : float -> float

let sqrt: float => float;

Square root.

val exp : float -> float

let exp: float => float;

Exponential.

val log : float -> float

let log: float => float;

Natural logarithm.

val log10 : float -> float

let log10: float => float;

Base 10 logarithm.

val expm1 : float -> float

let expm1: float => float;

expm1 x computes exp x -. 1.0, giving numerically-accurate results even if x is close to 0.0.

since 3.12.0

val log1p : float -> float

let log1p: float => float;

log1p x computes log(1.0 +. x) (natural logarithm), giving numerically-accurate results even if x is close to 0.0.

since 3.12.0

val cos : float -> float

let cos: float => float;

Cosine. Argument is in radians.

val sin : float -> float

let sin: float => float;

Sine. Argument is in radians.

val tan : float -> float

let tan: float => float;

Tangent. Argument is in radians.

val acos : float -> float

let acos: float => float;

Arc cosine. The argument must fall within the range [-1.0, 1.0]. Result is in radians and is between 0.0 and pi.

val asin : float -> float

let asin: float => float;

Arc sine. The argument must fall within the range [-1.0, 1.0]. Result is in radians and is between -pi/2 and pi/2.

val atan : float -> float

let atan: float => float;

Arc tangent. Result is in radians and is between -pi/2 and pi/2.

val atan2 : float -> float -> float

let atan2: float => float => float;

atan2 y x returns the arc tangent of y /. x. The signs of x and y are used to determine the quadrant of the result. Result is in radians and is between -pi and pi.

val hypot : float -> float -> float

let hypot: float => float => float;

hypot x y returns sqrt(x *. x + y *. y), that is, the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with sides of length x and y, or, equivalently, the distance of the point (x,y) to origin.

since 4.00.0

val cosh : float -> float

let cosh: float => float;

Hyperbolic cosine. Argument is in radians.

val sinh : float -> float

let sinh: float => float;

Hyperbolic sine. Argument is in radians.

val tanh : float -> float

let tanh: float => float;

Hyperbolic tangent. Argument is in radians.

val acosh : float -> float

let acosh: float => float;

Hyperbolic arc cosine. The argument must fall within the range [1.0, inf]. Result is in radians and is between 0.0 and inf.

since 4.13.0

val asinh : float -> float

let asinh: float => float;

Hyperbolic arc sine. The argument and result range over the entire real line. Result is in radians.

since 4.13.0

val atanh : float -> float

let atanh: float => float;

Hyperbolic arc tangent. The argument must fall within the range [-1.0, 1.0]. Result is in radians and ranges over the entire real line.

since 4.13.0

val ceil : float -> float

let ceil: float => float;

Round above to an integer value. ceil f returns the least integer value greater than or equal to f. The result is returned as a float.

val floor : float -> float

let floor: float => float;

Round below to an integer value. floor f returns the greatest integer value less than or equal to f. The result is returned as a float.

val abs_float : float -> float

let abs_float: float => float;

abs_float f returns the absolute value of f.

val copysign : float -> float -> float

let copysign: float => float => float;

copysign x y returns a float whose absolute value is that of x and whose sign is that of y. If x is nan, returns nan. If y is nan, returns either x or -. x, but it is not specified which.

since 4.00

val mod_float : float -> float -> float

let mod_float: float => float => float;

mod_float a b returns the remainder of a with respect to b. The returned value is a -. n *. b, where n is the quotient a /. b rounded towards zero to an integer.

val frexp : float -> float * int

let frexp: float => (float, int);

frexp f returns the pair of the significant and the exponent of f. When f is zero, the significant x and the exponent n of f are equal to zero. When f is non-zero, they are defined by f = x *. 2 ** n and 0.5 <= x < 1.0.

val ldexp : float -> int -> float

let ldexp: float => int => float;

ldexp x n returns x *. 2 ** n.

val modf : float -> float * float

let modf: float => (float, float);

modf f returns the pair of the fractional and integral part of f.

val float : int -> float

let float: int => float;

Same as Stdlib.float_of_int.

val float_of_int : int -> float

let float_of_int: int => float;

Convert an integer to floating-point.

val truncate : float -> int

let truncate: float => int;

Same as Stdlib.int_of_float.

val int_of_float : float -> int

let int_of_float: float => int;

Truncate the given floating-point number to an integer. The result is unspecified if the argument is nan or falls outside the range of representable integers.

val infinity : float

let infinity: float;

Positive infinity.

val neg_infinity : float

let neg_infinity: float;

Negative infinity.

val nan : float

let nan: float;

val max_float : float

let max_float: float;

The largest positive finite value of type float.

val min_float : float

let min_float: float;

The smallest positive, non-zero, non-denormalized value of type float.

val epsilon_float : float

let epsilon_float: float;

The difference between 1.0 and the smallest exactly representable floating-point number greater than 1.0.

type fpclass =

| FP_normal

Normal number, none of the below

| FP_subnormal

Number very close to 0.0, has reduced precision

| FP_zero

Number is 0.0 or -0.0

| FP_infinite

Number is positive or negative infinity

| FP_nan

Not a number: result of an undefined operation

;

The five classes of floating-point numbers, as determined by the Stdlib.classify_float function.

val classify_float : float -> fpclass

let classify_float: float => fpclass;

String operations

More string operations are provided in module String.

val (^) : string -> string -> string

let (^): string => string => string;

String concatenation. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

raises Invalid_argument if the result is longer then than Sys.max_string_length bytes.

Character operations

More character operations are provided in module Char.

val int_of_char : char -> int

let int_of_char: char => int;

Return the ASCII code of the argument.

val char_of_int : int -> char

let char_of_int: int => char;

Return the character with the given ASCII code.

raises Invalid_argument if the argument is outside the range 0--255.

Unit operations

val ignore : 'a -> unit

let ignore: 'a => unit;

Discard the value of its argument and return (). For instance, ignore(f x) discards the result of the side-effecting function f. It is equivalent to f x; (), except that the latter may generate a compiler warning; writing ignore(f x) instead avoids the warning.

String conversion functions

val string_of_bool : bool -> string

let string_of_bool: bool => string;

Return the string representation of a boolean. As the returned values may be shared, the user should not modify them directly.

val bool_of_string_opt : string -> bool option

let bool_of_string_opt: string => option(bool);

Convert the given string to a boolean.

Return None if the string is not "true" or "false".

since 4.05

val bool_of_string : string -> bool

let bool_of_string: string => bool;

Same as Stdlib.bool_of_string_opt, but raise Invalid_argument "bool_of_string" instead of returning None.

val string_of_int : int -> string

let string_of_int: int => string;

Return the string representation of an integer, in decimal.

val int_of_string_opt : string -> int option

let int_of_string_opt: string => option(int);

Convert the given string to an integer. The string is read in decimal (by default, or if the string begins with 0u), in hexadecimal (if it begins with 0x or 0X), in octal (if it begins with 0o or 0O), or in binary (if it begins with 0b or 0B).

The 0u prefix reads the input as an unsigned integer in the range [0, 2*max_int+1]. If the input exceeds max_int it is converted to the signed integer min_int + input - max_int - 1.

The _ (underscore) character can appear anywhere in the string and is ignored.

Return None if the given string is not a valid representation of an integer, or if the integer represented exceeds the range of integers representable in type int.

since 4.05

val int_of_string : string -> int

let int_of_string: string => int;

Same as Stdlib.int_of_string_opt, but raise Failure "int_of_string" instead of returning None.

val string_of_float : float -> string

let string_of_float: float => string;

Return a string representation of a floating-point number.

This conversion can involve a loss of precision. For greater control over the manner in which the number is printed, see Printf.

val float_of_string_opt : string -> float option

let float_of_string_opt: string => option(float);

Convert the given string to a float. The string is read in decimal (by default) or in hexadecimal (marked by 0x or 0X).

The format of decimal floating-point numbers is [-] dd.ddd (e|E) [+|-] dd, where d stands for a decimal digit.

The format of hexadecimal floating-point numbers is [-] 0(x|X) hh.hhh (p|P) [+|-] dd, where h stands for an hexadecimal digit and d for a decimal digit.

In both cases, at least one of the integer and fractional parts must be given; the exponent part is optional.

The _ (underscore) character can appear anywhere in the string and is ignored.

Depending on the execution platforms, other representations of floating-point numbers can be accepted, but should not be relied upon.

Return None if the given string is not a valid representation of a float.

since 4.05

val float_of_string : string -> float

let float_of_string: string => float;

Same as Stdlib.float_of_string_opt, but raise Failure "float_of_string" instead of returning None.

Pair operations

val fst : ('a * 'b) -> 'a

let fst: ('a, 'b) => 'a;

Return the first component of a pair.

val snd : ('a * 'b) -> 'b

let snd: ('a, 'b) => 'b;

Return the second component of a pair.

List operations

More list operations are provided in module List.

val (@) : 'a list -> 'a list -> 'a list

let (@): list('a) => list('a) => list('a);

l0 @ l1 appends l1 to l0. Same function as List.append. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

since 5.1 this function is tail-recursive.

Input/output

Note: all input/output functions can raise Sys_error when the system calls they invoke fail.

type in_channel

type in_channel;

The type of input channel.

type out_channel

type out_channel;

The type of output channel.

val stdin : in_channel

let stdin: in_channel;

The standard input for the process.

val stdout : out_channel

let stdout: out_channel;

The standard output for the process.

val stderr : out_channel

let stderr: out_channel;

The standard error output for the process.

Output functions on standard output

val print_char : char -> unit

let print_char: char => unit;

Print a character on standard output.

val print_string : string -> unit

let print_string: string => unit;

Print a string on standard output.

val print_bytes : bytes -> unit

let print_bytes: bytes => unit;

Print a byte sequence on standard output.

since 4.02

val print_int : int -> unit

let print_int: int => unit;

Print an integer, in decimal, on standard output.

val print_float : float -> unit

let print_float: float => unit;

Print a floating-point number, in decimal, on standard output.

The conversion of the number to a string uses string_of_float and can involve a loss of precision.

val print_endline : string -> unit

let print_endline: string => unit;

Print a string, followed by a newline character, on standard output and flush standard output.

val print_newline : unit -> unit

let print_newline: unit => unit;

Print a newline character on standard output, and flush standard output. This can be used to simulate line buffering of standard output.

Output functions on standard error

val prerr_char : char -> unit

let prerr_char: char => unit;

Print a character on standard error.

val prerr_string : string -> unit

let prerr_string: string => unit;

Print a string on standard error.

val prerr_bytes : bytes -> unit

let prerr_bytes: bytes => unit;

Print a byte sequence on standard error.

since 4.02

val prerr_int : int -> unit

let prerr_int: int => unit;

Print an integer, in decimal, on standard error.

val prerr_float : float -> unit

let prerr_float: float => unit;

Print a floating-point number, in decimal, on standard error.

The conversion of the number to a string uses string_of_float and can involve a loss of precision.

val prerr_endline : string -> unit

let prerr_endline: string => unit;

Print a string, followed by a newline character on standard error and flush standard error.

val prerr_newline : unit -> unit

let prerr_newline: unit => unit;

Print a newline character on standard error, and flush standard error.

Input functions on standard input

val read_line : unit -> string

let read_line: unit => string;

Flush standard output, then read characters from standard input until a newline character is encountered.

Return the string of all characters read, without the newline character at the end.

raises End_of_file if the end of the file is reached at the beginning of line.

val read_int_opt : unit -> int option

let read_int_opt: unit => option(int);

Flush standard output, then read one line from standard input and convert it to an integer.

Return None if the line read is not a valid representation of an integer.

since 4.05

val read_int : unit -> int

let read_int: unit => int;

Same as Stdlib.read_int_opt, but raise Failure "int_of_string" instead of returning None.

val read_float_opt : unit -> float option

let read_float_opt: unit => option(float);

Flush standard output, then read one line from standard input and convert it to a floating-point number.

Return None if the line read is not a valid representation of a floating-point number.

since 4.05

val read_float : unit -> float

let read_float: unit => float;

Same as Stdlib.read_float_opt, but raise Failure "float_of_string" instead of returning None.

General output functions

type open_flag =

| Open_rdonly

open for reading.

| Open_wronly

open for writing.

| Open_append

open for appending: always write at end of file.

| Open_creat

create the file if it does not exist.

| Open_trunc

empty the file if it already exists.

| Open_excl

fail if Open_creat and the file already exists.

| Open_binary

open in binary mode (no conversion).

| Open_text

open in text mode (may perform conversions).

| Open_nonblock

open in non-blocking mode.

;

Opening modes for Stdlib.open_out_gen and Stdlib.open_in_gen.

val open_out : string -> out_channel

let open_out: string => out_channel;

Open the named file for writing, and return a new output channel on that file, positioned at the beginning of the file. The file is truncated to zero length if it already exists. It is created if it does not already exists.

val open_out_bin : string -> out_channel

let open_out_bin: string => out_channel;

Same as Stdlib.open_out, but the file is opened in binary mode, so that no translation takes place during writes. On operating systems that do not distinguish between text mode and binary mode, this function behaves like Stdlib.open_out.

val open_out_gen : open_flag list -> int -> string -> out_channel

let open_out_gen: list(open_flag) => int => string => out_channel;

open_out_gen mode perm filename opens the named file for writing, as described above. The extra argument mode specifies the opening mode. The extra argument perm specifies the file permissions, in case the file must be created. Stdlib.open_out and Stdlib.open_out_bin are special cases of this function.

val flush : out_channel -> unit

let flush: out_channel => unit;

Flush the buffer associated with the given output channel, performing all pending writes on that channel. Interactive programs must be careful about flushing standard output and standard error at the right time.

val flush_all : unit -> unit

let flush_all: unit => unit;

Flush all open output channels; ignore errors.

val output_char : out_channel -> char -> unit

let output_char: out_channel => char => unit;

Write the character on the given output channel.

val output_string : out_channel -> string -> unit

let output_string: out_channel => string => unit;

Write the string on the given output channel.

val output_bytes : out_channel -> bytes -> unit

let output_bytes: out_channel => bytes => unit;

Write the byte sequence on the given output channel.

since 4.02

val output : out_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit

let output: out_channel => bytes => int => int => unit;

output oc buf pos len writes len characters from byte sequence buf, starting at offset pos, to the given output channel oc.

raises Invalid_argument if pos and len do not designate a valid range of buf.

val output_substring : out_channel -> string -> int -> int -> unit

let output_substring: out_channel => string => int => int => unit;

Same as output but take a string as argument instead of a byte sequence.

since 4.02

val output_byte : out_channel -> int -> unit

let output_byte: out_channel => int => unit;

Write one 8-bit integer (as the single character with that code) on the given output channel. The given integer is taken modulo 256.

val output_binary_int : out_channel -> int -> unit

let output_binary_int: out_channel => int => unit;

Write one integer in binary format (4 bytes, big-endian) on the given output channel. The given integer is taken modulo 232. The only reliable way to read it back is through the Stdlib.input_binary_int function. The format is compatible across all machines for a given version of OCaml.

val output_value : out_channel -> 'a -> unit

let output_value: out_channel => 'a => unit;

Write the representation of a structured value of any type to a channel. Circularities and sharing inside the value are detected and preserved. The object can be read back, by the function Stdlib.input_value. See the description of module Marshal for more information. Stdlib.output_value is equivalent to Marshal.to_channel with an empty list of flags.

val seek_out : out_channel -> int -> unit

let seek_out: out_channel => int => unit;

seek_out chan pos sets the current writing position to pos for channel chan. This works only for regular files. On files of other kinds (such as terminals, pipes and sockets), the behavior is unspecified.

val pos_out : out_channel -> int

let pos_out: out_channel => int;

Return the current writing position for the given channel. Does not work on channels opened with the Open_append flag (returns unspecified results). For files opened in text mode under Windows, the returned position is approximate (owing to end-of-line conversion); in particular, saving the current position with pos_out, then going back to this position using seek_out will not work. For this programming idiom to work reliably and portably, the file must be opened in binary mode.

val out_channel_length : out_channel -> int

let out_channel_length: out_channel => int;

Return the size (number of characters) of the regular file on which the given channel is opened. If the channel is opened on a file that is not a regular file, the result is meaningless.

val close_out : out_channel -> unit

let close_out: out_channel => unit;

Close the given channel, flushing all buffered write operations. Output functions raise a Sys_error exception when they are applied to a closed output channel, except close_out and flush, which do nothing when applied to an already closed channel. Note that close_out may raise Sys_error if the operating system signals an error when flushing or closing.

val close_out_noerr : out_channel -> unit

let close_out_noerr: out_channel => unit;

Same as close_out, but ignore all errors.

val set_binary_mode_out : out_channel -> bool -> unit

let set_binary_mode_out: out_channel => bool => unit;

set_binary_mode_out oc true sets the channel oc to binary mode: no translations take place during output. set_binary_mode_out oc false sets the channel oc to text mode: depending on the operating system, some translations may take place during output. For instance, under Windows, end-of-lines will be translated from \n to \r\n. This function has no effect under operating systems that do not distinguish between text mode and binary mode.

General input functions

val open_in : string -> in_channel

let open_in: string => in_channel;

Open the named file for reading, and return a new input channel on that file, positioned at the beginning of the file.

val open_in_bin : string -> in_channel

let open_in_bin: string => in_channel;

Same as Stdlib.open_in, but the file is opened in binary mode, so that no translation takes place during reads. On operating systems that do not distinguish between text mode and binary mode, this function behaves like Stdlib.open_in.

val open_in_gen : open_flag list -> int -> string -> in_channel

let open_in_gen: list(open_flag) => int => string => in_channel;

open_in_gen mode perm filename opens the named file for reading, as described above. The extra arguments mode and perm specify the opening mode and file permissions. Stdlib.open_in and Stdlib.open_in_bin are special cases of this function.

val input_char : in_channel -> char

let input_char: in_channel => char;

Read one character from the given input channel.

raises End_of_file if there are no more characters to read.

val input_line : in_channel -> string

let input_line: in_channel => string;

Read characters from the given input channel, until a newline character is encountered. Return the string of all characters read, without the newline character at the end.

raises End_of_file if the end of the file is reached at the beginning of line.

val input : in_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> int

let input: in_channel => bytes => int => int => int;

input ic buf pos len reads up to len characters from the given channel ic, storing them in byte sequence buf, starting at character number pos. It returns the actual number of characters read, between 0 and len (inclusive). A return value of 0 means that the end of file was reached. A return value between 0 and len exclusive means that not all requested len characters were read, either because no more characters were available at that time, or because the implementation found it convenient to do a partial read; input must be called again to read the remaining characters, if desired. (See also Stdlib.really_input for reading exactly len characters.) Exception Invalid_argument "input" is raised if pos and len do not designate a valid range of buf.

val really_input : in_channel -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit

let really_input: in_channel => bytes => int => int => unit;

really_input ic buf pos len reads len characters from channel ic, storing them in byte sequence buf, starting at character number pos.

raises End_of_file if the end of file is reached before len characters have been read. raises Invalid_argument if pos and len do not designate a valid range of buf.

val really_input_string : in_channel -> int -> string

let really_input_string: in_channel => int => string;

really_input_string ic len reads len characters from channel ic and returns them in a new string.

raises End_of_file if the end of file is reached before len characters have been read. since 4.02

val input_byte : in_channel -> int

let input_byte: in_channel => int;

Same as Stdlib.input_char, but return the 8-bit integer representing the character.

raises End_of_file if the end of file was reached.

val input_binary_int : in_channel -> int

let input_binary_int: in_channel => int;

Read an integer encoded in binary format (4 bytes, big-endian) from the given input channel. See Stdlib.output_binary_int.

raises End_of_file if the end of file was reached while reading the integer.

val input_value : in_channel -> 'a

let input_value: in_channel => 'a;

Read the representation of a structured value, as produced by Stdlib.output_value, and return the corresponding value. This function is identical to Marshal.from_channel; see the description of module Marshal for more information, in particular concerning the lack of type safety.

val seek_in : in_channel -> int -> unit

let seek_in: in_channel => int => unit;

seek_in chan pos sets the current reading position to pos for channel chan. This works only for regular files. On files of other kinds, the behavior is unspecified.

val pos_in : in_channel -> int

let pos_in: in_channel => int;

Return the current reading position for the given channel. For files opened in text mode under Windows, the returned position is approximate (owing to end-of-line conversion); in particular, saving the current position with pos_in, then going back to this position using seek_in will not work. For this programming idiom to work reliably and portably, the file must be opened in binary mode.

val in_channel_length : in_channel -> int

let in_channel_length: in_channel => int;

Return the size (number of characters) of the regular file on which the given channel is opened. If the channel is opened on a file that is not a regular file, the result is meaningless. The returned size does not take into account the end-of-line translations that can be performed when reading from a channel opened in text mode.

val close_in : in_channel -> unit

let close_in: in_channel => unit;

Close the given channel. Input functions raise a Sys_error exception when they are applied to a closed input channel, except close_in, which does nothing when applied to an already closed channel.

val close_in_noerr : in_channel -> unit

let close_in_noerr: in_channel => unit;

Same as close_in, but ignore all errors.

val set_binary_mode_in : in_channel -> bool -> unit

let set_binary_mode_in: in_channel => bool => unit;

set_binary_mode_in ic true sets the channel ic to binary mode: no translations take place during input. set_binary_mode_out ic false sets the channel ic to text mode: depending on the operating system, some translations may take place during input. For instance, under Windows, end-of-lines will be translated from \r\n to \n. This function has no effect under operating systems that do not distinguish between text mode and binary mode.

Operations on large files

module LargeFile : sig ... end

module LargeFile: { ... };

Operations on large files. This sub-module provides 64-bit variants of the channel functions that manipulate file positions and file sizes. By representing positions and sizes by 64-bit integers (type int64) instead of regular integers (type int), these alternate functions allow operating on files whose sizes are greater than max_int.

References

type 'a ref = {

type ref('a) = {

mutable contents : 'a;

}

};

The type of references (mutable indirection cells) containing a value of type 'a.

val ref : 'a -> 'a ref

let ref: 'a => ref('a);

Return a fresh reference containing the given value.

val (!) : 'a ref -> 'a

let (!): ref('a) => 'a;

!r returns the current contents of reference r. Equivalent to fun r -> r.contents. Unary operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val (:=) : 'a ref -> 'a -> unit

let (:=): ref('a) => 'a => unit;

r := a stores the value of a in reference r. Equivalent to fun r v -> r.contents <- v. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

val incr : int ref -> unit

let incr: ref(int) => unit;

Increment the integer contained in the given reference. Equivalent to fun r -> r := succ !r.

val decr : int ref -> unit

let decr: ref(int) => unit;

Decrement the integer contained in the given reference. Equivalent to fun r -> r := pred !r.

Result type

type ('a, 'b) result =

type result('a, 'b) =

| Ok of 'a

| Ok('a)

| Error of 'b

| Error('b)

;

since 4.03

Operations on format strings

Format strings are character strings with special lexical conventions that defines the functionality of formatted input/output functions. Format strings are used to read data with formatted input functions from module Scanf and to print data with formatted output functions from modules Printf and Format.

Format strings are made of three kinds of entities:

• conversions specifications, introduced by the special character '%' followed by one or more characters specifying what kind of argument to read or print,
• formatting indications, introduced by the special character '@' followed by one or more characters specifying how to read or print the argument,
• plain characters that are regular characters with usual lexical conventions. Plain characters specify string literals to be read in the input or printed in the output. There is an additional lexical rule to escape the special characters '%' and '@' in format strings: if a special character follows a '%' character, it is treated as a plain character. In other words, "%%" is considered as a plain '%' and "%@" as a plain '@'.

For more information about conversion specifications and formatting indications available, read the documentation of modules Scanf, Printf and Format.

Format strings have a general and highly polymorphic type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f). The two simplified types, format and format4 below are included for backward compatibility with earlier releases of OCaml.

The meaning of format string type parameters is as follows:

• 'a is the type of the parameters of the format for formatted output functions (printf-style functions); 'a is the type of the values read by the format for formatted input functions (scanf-style functions).

• 'b is the type of input source for formatted input functions and the type of output target for formatted output functions. For printf-style functions from module Printf, 'b is typically out_channel; for printf-style functions from module Format, 'b is typically Format.formatter; for scanf-style functions from module Scanf, 'b is typically Scanf.Scanning.in_channel. Type argument 'b is also the type of the first argument given to user's defined printing functions for %a and %t conversions, and user's defined reading functions for %r conversion.

• 'c is the type of the result of the %a and %t printing functions, and also the type of the argument transmitted to the first argument of kprintf-style functions or to the kscanf-style functions.

• 'd is the type of parameters for the scanf-style functions.

• 'e is the type of the receiver function for the scanf-style functions.

• 'f is the final result type of a formatted input/output function invocation: for the printf-style functions, it is typically unit; for the scanf-style functions, it is typically the result type of the receiver function.

type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 =
  ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) CamlinternalFormatBasics.format6

type format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) =
  CamlinternalFormatBasics.format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f);

type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd) format4 = ('a, 'b, 'c, 'c, 'c, 'd) format6

type format4('a, 'b, 'c, 'd) = format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'c, 'c, 'd);

type ('a, 'b, 'c) format = ('a, 'b, 'c, 'c) format4

type format('a, 'b, 'c) = format4('a, 'b, 'c, 'c);

val string_of_format : ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 -> string

let string_of_format: format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) => string;

Converts a format string into a string.

val format_of_string : 
  ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 ->
  ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6

let format_of_string: 
  format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) =>
  format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f);

format_of_string s returns a format string read from the string literal s. Note: format_of_string can not convert a string argument that is not a literal. If you need this functionality, use the more general Scanf.format_from_string function.

val (^^) : 
  ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) format6 ->
  ('f, 'b, 'c, 'e, 'g, 'h) format6 ->
  ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'g, 'h) format6

let (^^): 
  format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) =>
  format6('f, 'b, 'c, 'e, 'g, 'h) =>
  format6('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'g, 'h);

f1 ^^ f2 catenates format strings f1 and f2. The result is a format string that behaves as the concatenation of format strings f1 and f2: in case of formatted output, it accepts arguments from f1, then arguments from f2; in case of formatted input, it returns results from f1, then results from f2. Right-associative operator, see Ocaml_operators for more information.

Program termination

val exit : int -> 'a

let exit: int => 'a;

Terminate the process, returning the given status code to the operating system: usually 0 to indicate no errors, and a small positive integer to indicate failure. All open output channels are flushed with flush_all. The callbacks registered with Domain.at_exit are called followed by those registered with Stdlib.at_exit.

An implicit exit 0 is performed each time a program terminates normally. An implicit exit 2 is performed if the program terminates early because of an uncaught exception.

val at_exit : (unit -> unit) -> unit

let at_exit: (unit => unit) => unit;

Register the given function to be called at program termination time. The functions registered with at_exit will be called when the program does any of the following:

• executes Stdlib.exit
• terminates, either normally or because of an uncaught exception
• executes the C function caml_shutdown. The functions are called in 'last in, first out' order: the function most recently added with at_exit is called first.

Standard library modules

module Arg : sig ... end

module Arg: { ... };

Parsing of command line arguments.

module Array : sig ... end

module Array: { ... };

Array operations.

module ArrayLabels : sig ... end

module ArrayLabels: { ... };

Array operations.

module Atomic : sig ... end

module Atomic: { ... };

Atomic references.

module Bool : sig ... end

module Bool: { ... };

Boolean values.

module Buffer : sig ... end

module Buffer: { ... };

Extensible buffers.

module Bytes : sig ... end

module Bytes: { ... };

Byte sequence operations.

module BytesLabels : sig ... end

module BytesLabels: { ... };

Byte sequence operations.

module Char : sig ... end

module Char: { ... };

Character operations.

module Complex : sig ... end

module Complex: { ... };

Complex numbers.

module Digest : sig ... end

module Digest: { ... };

Message digest.

module Domain : sig ... end

module Domain: { ... };

module Dynarray : sig ... end

module Dynarray: { ... };

Dynamic arrays.

module Pqueue : sig ... end

module Pqueue: { ... };

Priority queues.

module Effect : sig ... end

module Effect: { ... };

module Either : sig ... end

module Either: { ... };

Either type.

module Filename : sig ... end

module Filename: { ... };

Operations on file names.

module Float : sig ... end

module Float: { ... };

Floating-point arithmetic.

module Format : sig ... end

module Format: { ... };

Pretty-printing.

module Fun : sig ... end

module Fun: { ... };

Function manipulation.

module Gc : sig ... end

module Gc: { ... };

Memory management control and statistics; finalised values.

module Hashtbl : sig ... end

module Hashtbl: { ... };

Hash tables and hash functions.

module Iarray : sig ... end

module Iarray: { ... };

Operations on immutable arrays. This module mirrors the API of Array, but omits functions that assume mutability; in addition to obviously mutating functions, it omits copy along with the functions make, create_float, and make_matrix that produce all-constant arrays. The exception is the sorting functions, which are given a copying API to replace the in-place one.

module In_channel : sig ... end

module In_channel: { ... };

Input channels.

module Int : sig ... end

module Int: { ... };

Integer values.

module Int32 : sig ... end

module Int32: { ... };

32-bit integers.

module Int64 : sig ... end

module Int64: { ... };

64-bit integers.

module Lazy : sig ... end

module Lazy: { ... };

Deferred computations.

module Lexing : sig ... end

module Lexing: { ... };

The run-time library for lexers generated by ocamllex.

module List : sig ... end

module List: { ... };

List operations.

module ListLabels : sig ... end

module ListLabels: { ... };

List operations.

module Map : sig ... end

module Map: { ... };

Association tables over ordered types.

module Marshal : sig ... end

module Marshal: { ... };

Marshaling of data structures.

module MoreLabels : sig ... end

module MoreLabels: { ... };

Extra labeled libraries.

module Mutex : sig ... end

module Mutex: { ... };

Locks for mutual exclusion.

module Obj : sig ... end

module Obj: { ... };

Operations on internal representations of values.

module Oo : sig ... end

module Oo: { ... };

Operations on objects

module Option : sig ... end

module Option: { ... };

Option values.

module Out_channel : sig ... end

module Out_channel: { ... };

Output channels.

module Pair : sig ... end

module Pair: { ... };

Operations on pairs.

module Parsing : sig ... end

module Parsing: { ... };

The run-time library for parsers generated by ocamlyacc.

module Printexc : sig ... end

module Printexc: { ... };

Facilities for printing exceptions and inspecting current call stack.

module Printf : sig ... end

module Printf: { ... };

Formatted output functions.

module Queue : sig ... end

module Queue: { ... };

First-in first-out queues.

module Random : sig ... end

module Random: { ... };

Pseudo-random number generators (PRNG).

module Result : sig ... end

module Result: { ... };

Result values.

module Repr : sig ... end

module Repr: { ... };

Functions defined on the low-level representations of values.

module Scanf : sig ... end

module Scanf: { ... };

Formatted input functions.

module Seq : sig ... end

module Seq: { ... };

Sequences.

module Set : sig ... end

module Set: { ... };

Sets over ordered types.

module Stack : sig ... end

module Stack: { ... };

Last-in first-out stacks.

module StdLabels : sig ... end

module StdLabels: { ... };

Standard labeled libraries.

module String : sig ... end

module String: { ... };

Strings.

module StringLabels : sig ... end

module StringLabels: { ... };

Strings.

module Sys : sig ... end

module Sys: { ... };

System interface.

module Type : sig ... end

module Type: { ... };

Type introspection.

module Uchar : sig ... end

module Uchar: { ... };

Unicode characters.

module Unit : sig ... end

module Unit: { ... };

Unit values.

module Weak : sig ... end

module Weak: { ... };

Arrays of weak pointers and hash sets of weak pointers.